Common types of vehicle perception sensors

Common types of vehicle perception sensors include pressure sensors, position sensors, temperature sensors, acceleration sensors (linear and angular acceleration), flow sensors, and gas composition sensors. They are widely used for detecting oil pressure, fuel and air flow in engines and transmissions, measuring vehicle speed and RPM, detecting vehicle posture and acceleration/deceleration, as well as monitoring various liquid and gas medium parameters. For example, pressure sensors can measure oil pressure, brake hydraulic pressure, air conditioning refrigerant pressure, tire pressure, etc; Position sensors are used to detect mechanical displacements such as throttle opening, steering angle, pedal travel, suspension height, etc; Temperature sensors are distributed throughout the engine coolant, oil, transmission oil, tires, and interior of the cabin to ensure that all components operate within the appropriate temperature range. Acceleration and angular velocity sensors belong to inertial sensors and often use MEMS

The manufacturing process of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is used to measure dynamic information such as linear acceleration, deceleration, roll, and yaw of vehicles, and is a key component of airbag control and electronic stability control (ESC) systems. Air flow sensors (such as engine intake flow meters) and gas sensors (such as oxygen sensors, NOx sensors, etc.) are used for engine combustion control and exhaust emission monitoring to ensure power and environmental performance.

Environmental perception sensors mainly include cameras, radars, and lidars, which are used to detect the external environment of vehicles. According to their working principles, they can be divided into passive and active types: passive sensors such as visible light cameras, infrared sensors, etc. passively receive light or thermal radiation from the environment to identify lanes, pedestrians, traffic signs, and obstacles; Active sensors such as ultrasonic sensors, millimeter wave radar, and LiDAR measure distance and image by actively transmitting signals and receiving reflections. Car mounted cameras are widely used in surround view, reverse image, and front view ADAS due to their low cost and high resolution; Millimeter wave radar uses 76-77GHz electromagnetic waves to detect medium and long-range targets, with strong anti-interference ability, and is the core sensor for adaptive cruise control and collision warning; Lidar uses laser time-of-flight ranging to provide high-precision 3D point cloud maps, playing an important role in high-level autonomous driving perception; Ultrasonic radar works at short distances and is suitable for parking assistance to detect obstacles at close range. With the development of autonomous driving, multi-sensor fusion has become a trend, and cameras, radars, LiDAR, and other sensors work together to achieve all-weather and all-round environmental perception capabilities.